Communication Strategies

I. Scholastic Sources

Future Trends in Microelectronics The Nano Millennium
This book is a thought provoking publication which addresses critical questions regarding nanotechnology and its future impact on micro electronics. Authors, Serge Luryi, Jimmy Xu and Alex Zaslavsky are not only associated with Americas leading universities but are credit with numerous professional writings. This work is distinguished by the fact that numerous electronic experts from around the globe have addressed wide ranging critical questions providing useful insights into hot topics such as quantum computing and silicon chips. Originally published in 2002, the topics covered are as debatable as they were eight years earlier while solutions provided by experts remain critical for future developments in microelectronics (Luryi, Xu  Zaslavsky, 2002).

The Webolution of Shopping to 2010
Futureconsumer.com is written by best selling author, Frank Feather. The book highlights important traits and trends of future online shoppers and how companies can take competitive advantage by studying consumer behavior. Throughout his book, Mr. Feather tries to build up his viewpoint by relying on real life case studies and research from some of the best known consumer companies. The objective of the writer is to illustrate that future success of online consumer companies lies in learning from past experiences. In doing so, the author has lucidly explained the mechanics of some very profitable enterprises, boldly predicting some little known successful companies (Feather 2000).

Desirable Future Consumer Electronics in Tomorrows World
A future without small electronic gadgets is unthinkable. Jack Challoner offers a glimpse into future by discussing new technologies that may radically change how we perceive electronics. As a public speaker, writer and consultant, Jack Challoner looks at the progress of consumer electronic industry including vital aspects such as artificial intelligence and speech recognition. The book also raises many important questions for those who cant live without their cell phones, PDA and MP3 players. Apart from glorifying this industry, readers will like to read about the challenges that can disrupt current development, possibly altering our perception of the future. It is a must read for young and middle age readers by someone who has extensively written for such audience (Challoner, 2008).

Consumer electronics control system based on hand gesture moment invariants
In this paper, researchers from two prominent Australian Universities offer an innovative alternate to traditional remote controls. Using a neural network design, they propose hand gesturing control system that will allow everyday users to control consumer electronic devices. This intelligent system also ignores irrational hand movements. Initial results, with limited hand gestures, produced 100 results (Premaratne  Nguyen, 2007).

A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce.
It is a thought provoking article by international researchers on the factors dictating customer decision to buy consumer electronics, online. The authors demonstrate a theoretical model describing how shoppers make decisions and test that model in a real time environment. Initial results dictate numerous factors including companys reputation and information quality have strong effects on buying decision. Interestingly, third party seals do not gain consumer trust, as previously thought (Kim, Ferrin  Rao, 2008).


II. Internet Sources

For Wireless USB, the Future Starts Now
The author provides lucid information on the current market for wireless USB. He explains that WUSB is destined to become one of the hottest accessories in consumer electronic industry due to elimination of cable and ease of use. Neal Leavitt is the president of Leavitt Communication, a multinational California based company. It is estimated that revenues from WUSB will skyrocket to 4 billion by the end of 2011 due to simple integration with mobile electronic and consumer products. At present, the only large scale obstacle to its marketing is technical reliability which when overcome should overhaul all other barriers to its popularity (Leavitt, 2007).

8 tech trends to watch this week at CES
CNN analyst and reporter, John D. Sutter, provides an overview of the new gadgets in the oncoming annual Consumer Electronic Show CES. He quotes respected personalities such as CEO of Consumer Electronics Association predicting that this show will hold more innovations that any other in history. Mr. Sutter analyses that top attractions will be tablet PC, Internet enabled Smart TV, USB cables and new phone accessories (Sutter, 2010).

Television meets Facebook Social Networks through Consumer Electronics
In a constructive future oriented project, two researchers from MIT utilize consumer electronic equipment to interact and share with the social network website, facebook. The aim of this project is to demonstrate how a simple consumer device can improve user experience by improving communication between multiple users. Using a DVR to share their experience, the project aims to show how these technologies can work together how data from social networks can effectively be diffused into the lives of real time users and simplicity of carrying out these types of tasks (Baca  Holtzman).

Hot Topic Consumer Electronics
This paper highlights current opportunities for engineers, scientists and technologists to rethink how they can use consumer electronics to benefit humanity. Examples illustrate efficient use of these devices in various environments such as healthcare, commuting and learning. Experts recommend that companies produce consumer devices to help improve living standards and address current challenges to society (IEEE Hot Topic Consumer Electronics, 2009).

Trends in Consumer Electronics Products Creating New User Experience
In a series of slides, Yoshihito Koya, Marketing Manager for Rambus Inc. offers a unique perspective on the future of consumer devices in gaming, mobile and computing industries. He proclaims that the new networking media is a merger of technologies such as social network, education, gaming and 3D virtual reality. Amid these new trends, companies need to design innovative products that can address multiple issues and be flexible enough to integrate with other media (Koya, 2009).

I used to think that desert countries are not good place to live in, and boring and dry for that matter. But, I have discovered that natures beauty and amazing wonders are not limited to tropical or cold places.

Ladies and gentlemen, a very wonderful day to all I would like to tell you about my wonderful experiences in a once desert and barren land, the United Arab Emirates (UAE). UAE is a small, dry and barren land which is located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Oman.

Do you know that UAE is composed of seven (7) emirates There is Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai and Umm Al Qwain. These emirates are known as the Trucial States.
The largest city is Dubai and the capital state is Abu Dhabi.

The main entry to the UAE is of course, one of the worlds largest airports, Dubai International Airport.  Almost all intercontinental flights to and from Dubai use the airport as the entry or exit point. There is also the recently-expanded Abu Dhabi International Airport which services the Etihad Airways, the UAEs national carrier.

When I entered UAE, the cold season was about to end, it was in the mid of March, the breeze in the afternoon, evening and early morning was still cold, with temperatures ranging from 17 degree Celsius to 25 degrees in the noontime. The weather was extremely nice for walking around.  So, I was able to get around the city as much as I wanted when I came. This weather, however, would change in the next few months to reveal the sweltering heat that deserted and barren lands experience.
Of the emirates, Dubai is the most cosmopolitan. It has modern malls, hotels, sports facilities, big universities, big city buses, city train and modern apartment blocks. On the side, it has beautiful beaches and pools, which are affordable to most working classes in the city.

There are about 15 big and small shopping malls in the city. The biggest that I have been to is the Mall of the Emirates (MOE), which is located in the Al Barsha area of Dubai. It is a famous mall and shaped like the broken tail-end of an airline because of the Ski Dubai Dome. The mall is strategically located along the equally-famous Sheik Zayed Highway, a four to six-lane highway which stretches from the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah to the emirate of Abu Dhabi. MOE can be accessed through different routes, either through the Sheik Zayed Road via Interchange 4 or through the back roads which run parallel to the main highway.

Inside the MOE, there are various so many types of amenities and facilities which include the grocery, boutiques, sports facilities, gymnasiums, antique shops, bookstores, restaurants food court, cinemas and sitting lounges. The most amazing thing about this mall is the Ski Dubai Dome which enthralls ski goers of a winter skiing adventure. Kids and old people alike enjoy the ski. I satisfied myself by just watching the lively ski goers and the kids sliding in the ice landings because I was afraid of the very cold temperature inside.

There are also many food and drink shops inside. My favorite is Seattles Best Coffee, where I would always order the large cream-whipped cinnamon and the American coffee every time I am visiting the mall.

The best thing that I like about Dubai, though are the beautiful beaches and swimming pools. It is best to hit these beaches and pools in the months between March to May. After that, the temperatures soar to as much as 40 degrees plus so it is quite sweltering to swim in very hot sun. But night swimming during the hottest months of June to September is also nice. I can swim up to the wee hours of morning because it is still humid and warm. From October to February, it becomes very cold so swimming can be impossible especially since I am not used to chilling temperatures at all.
I love going outdoors such as visiting wildlife, parks and mountains, these are also abundant in the UAE.  One of my favorite outdoor hangouts is Al Ain, a part of Abu Dhabi. Al Ain is about 2 hours away from Dubai and 2 about 2 hours away from Abu Dhabi as well. That is, considering a driving speed of about 120 to 140 kph. I just love going to Al Ains popular mountain visited by many tourists. It is called Jebel Hafeet. Vehicles can travel up to the top of the mountain because the terrain is concrete, smooth and wide. The winding terrain up to the mountain top has very sharp turns so caution needs to be undertaken. On the way to the top, there are various breathtaking resting and viewing places where you can eat as well. On top of the mountain, there are restaurants. The view on top is just magnificent and totally amazing, especially at night, when you can see the brilliant lights of Al Ain City.  It is best to go up the mountain when the sun is about to set and stay there until dark so you can see the brilliance of the entire city.

Al Ain has a wonderful wildlife park, visited by both the locals and foreigners, as well. There are various types of wildlife here ranging from crocodiles to giraffes. They are very well taken care of and are relatively healthy. Most of the animals seem to love the cold season because I often visit the zoo during this time and I can see all the animals roaming around, visible to the people. During the hot season, the animals are usually cooling and hiding under shades such as the big rocks and their dwelling places.

There so many places to visit in this city and these places are of various interests. I believe that this is the reason why Dubai or the UAE for that matter, receives so many visitors everyday. I think UAE has emerged to be one of the worlds most visited countries.

Listening is a very important part of human communication as communication is a two-way process. It is reciprocal. It is barely communication if it is only the speaker talking to the audience. The audience would and should give a feedback on what they have listened to.

One may easily think that in public speaking, it is only the speaker who talks to the audience. But even the audience talks to the speaker. To become an effective public speaker, one has to be able to listen to the audience.

The audience may communicate through scratching their eyebrows or yawning or maybe even by leaving the room. Bodily gestures like these can tell if the audience is bored or disagreeing to what you are saying or they may even find your speech irrelevant and useless. As the speaker, you must be able to tell if the audience is receptive and reciprocating your message. 

An authentic speaker, as characterized by Nick Morgan of the Harvard Business Review, is one who is open and connects to audience, passionate about the topic and listens to the audience. These skills will enable the speaker to listen to the audience. A good speaker will be able to assess the situation at hand and resolve it should there be something lacking in his speech.

It is important, as a speaker, to listen to the audience. You have to know that your message was heard and that your speech will deliver results. An effective and authentic public speaker will be able to influence the audience. He will be able to infuse on his audience the values and knowledge in his speech. He will be able to persuade people and move them to action.

On the other hand the audience, too, must listen to the speaker. Good listening skills are important even in day to day living. Listening may be active or inactive. The first type may be characterized with nodding in agreement, saying yes or with other bodily gestures. On the other hand inactive listening may be said as just hearing what the message is but not exactly responding.

Active listening is ideal in communication. There are four kinds of listeners as described in an article titled, Speaking Style Speak to reach all four. There are analytical listeners, the drivers, expressive listeners and amiable listeners. The analytical ones are usually sceptical with what they hear and can tend to question the credibility of the speech and the speaker. The drivers are results-oriented and may tend to be impatient. They want the speaker to be direct and to the point. The expressive listeners are likely to participate in whats going on and are interactive. The amiable listeners are the ones who empathise with the speaker. They are the best group a public speaker may have.

To reach all four audiences and hold their attention when public speaking requires balancing many elements of speaking. They need enough data to please the analytical listener without boring the expressive. The program needs to move along for the goal oriented driver. Openness, comfort and empathy are needed to satisfy the amiable personality. (speechmastery.com)

Listening, indeed, is very vital not only in public speaking. It is vital in learning, in dealing with people and in achieving goals.

Communication is an essential component of not only human life, but also animal life. Not even the most introverted or unsociable people can live normally without interacting and communicating with other human beings and elements of their immediate environments. Human beings unless dumb, deaf, or both- combine verbal and non-verbal codes of communication to pass messages. Communication experts argue that non-verbal communication codes carry more weight than words.

Researchers believe that up to 80 percent of communication is non-verbal.  Others actually argue that non-verbal communication makes up to 93 percent of all communication, meaning that verbal communication, though very important, comprises only a small fraction of all communication (Wilson, 2008). Important non-verbal communication elements include manner of dressing, the distance between the speaker and members of the audience, and body language signals which are indicated by eye contact, smiles, positioning of limbs and the head, fidgeting, and speakers movements during the presentation (Wilson, 2008). Speakers who maintain a healthy balance in their use of both verbal and non-verbal communication codes come across as better and more effective speakers. On the contrary, the absence or misuse of non-verbal communication codes renders speakers ineffective, even though such speakers may be intelligent and professional, and have a very important message to communicate. Not surprisingly, speakers who realize that they have problems when speaking in public invest in training to better their communication skills (Earls, 2004).
The manner in which a public speaker dresses makes an important contribution to the speakers message. A public speaker must always take into consideration the kind of event and audience the speaker addresses. When addressing professionals in a professional forum, smart and official dressing give the speaker a sense of authority and confidence, thereby earning the attention and respect of the audience relatively more easily. For instance, a smartly dressed professor delivering a speech to a group of students or fellow professors would appear more competent than a shabbily dressed one.
Dressing can also communicate the imbalance of power or authority between the speaker and the audience. Speakers dressed in expensive and smart attire come across as possessing more power than members of the audience. Business executives or lawyers who are meeting their clients need to bear an image of power in order to win and retain the confidence of their clients. They are therefore more likely to wear expensive attire and to carry expensive briefcases, notebooks, wristwatches and pens. This executive image is ideally meant to create a sense of inequality in favour of the business executive or lawyer.

Not all situations require that speakers dress in official attire. Relaxed or casual wear can enforce the speakers message more strongly if the environment or situation is relaxed. Suits and ties, however smart and expensive, make the speakers appear stiff and domineering and may intimidate the audience. For instance, Waller-Wise (2007) argues that a uniformed child-birth educator may influence child-birth class participants confuse the educator with a nurse. This confusion may result in the class participants taking the role of the sick instead of the learners. An intimidated audience may be unwilling to give the speaker feedback particularly in the form of questions or criticisms. This implies that the wrong dressing style has the potential of influencing members of the audience to behave in a certain way, whether desired or undesired.

    My newly developed communication behavior is strengthening my listening skills. Listening is one of the important aspects of communication as communication is a two-way process that involves two persons interacting with each other. I have a very talkative nature and sometimes I forgot to lend an ear to those I talk with. I would like to try to sit down and listen and preventing myself in talking too much. I noted three different scenarios wherein I tried and observed my improved listening in these situations. First, my sister and I talked over the phone one day, which is very unusual since we are all engrossed in our busy lives. She recounted to me some of her problems at school at back at home. I listened intently and I was able to give her a very sound advice. The second scenario is when I was working with a group for a class assignment. In the group, we try to brainstorm on what are going to do with the project assigned to us. We listen to each members suggestion and everyone is given a chance to talk. Because of this process, we came up with a fruitful deliberation of what The third scenario is in the classroom setting wherein the professor is conducting the class in interpersonal setting. The subject is one of my least favorite subjects in school. I experience a hard time listening and absorbing what my professor is saying since I am not really interested in the subject.
7B.

What seemed to work for you
Improving my listening skills helped me a lot in improving my communication and interaction with other people. Listening is one of the most important aspects of human communication and it is of vital importance that I am able to listen on what the other participant is saying. Listening worked for me for it strengthens my communication skills, especially my empathy towards other people.

What did not seem to work
I notice that even though I tried so hard in improving my listening skills, there are times that I failed to really listen and understand what the other people is saying. For example, in the third situation, wherein I am in the class and my professor is teaching a lesson, since I am not deeply interested in the subject I find it hard to really listen and understand the lesson. I found out that effective listening includes interest in what you are listening to.

In what situations were you most successful
I believe that I am successful in the first situation wherein I listened intently on my sisters problems and I was able to give her an advice in resolving her problems. For me, that was effective listening since I understood what the other person is saying and assessed the message for a better solicited feedback in the form of advice.

What behaviors would you like to perform again
Listening is a beneficial communication behavior. I am planning to adopt this behavior in performing my everyday communication and interaction. I believe that through this communication behavior, I will be able to come up with fruitful communication exchange with anyone.
What will you do differently the next time

I was unsuccessful in listening to topics that I am not interested with. I will try to further improve my listening skill even in things that I am not interested with but are important in the communication process. Moreover, I also aim to improve my non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is communication in absence of the spoken language. This may be essential in assessing the real motives and feelings of the participants of the communication process.

This paper gives a general overview of the present day space communication network starting from the first satellite in 1957 and how technology has evolved since then. The technology and the applications of space communication, the challenging issues that arise as a result of widened satellite network and also dangers of satellite orbital debris thats now eventually filling up the entire spatial orbit around the earth. Management of space debris plays a vital role, and a lengthy description of the immediate and long term plans to counter the challenges linked to it are described.

Future of the Space Communication and Challenges, Issue, Application and Technology Introduction
Satellite communication is an advanced stage of wireless communication systems of the by gone era. Satellites may have different shapes and sizes. Communication satellites made this world global, interconnected and interdependent. After the launch of the first satellite Sputnik into space by Russia in the year 1957, US launched Explorer I .By the end of 1958, satellite with Signal communication by orbital relay was made possible and the first ever message was broad cast. It operated for less than a fortnight. But the number of satellites launched by the then USSR and US was six. The number of satellites launched grew to 14 in the next year, 1959 and to 19 in 1960. In a couple of years from then, UK and Canada joined the race of launching satellites. These were not without draw backs. By the year 1965, complete earth coverage was made possible by the launch of INTELSAT into geostationary satellite. From then on the race speeded up, with more nations joining the space race and even developing nations entered the foray. And today there are innumerable satellites orbiting the earth, busy carrying communication between space and earth. The three main orbits into which satellites are launched are the Low Earth Orbit, Medium Earth Orbit and Geo Synchronous Orbit. The first ever communication satellite launched in space was in the year 1957. The first communication satellite was launched in 1960 by US, made of aluminized plastic balloon. It was equipped with a transmitter and receiver. The drawback of that was it allowed communication for about ten minutes out of ninety minutes that it took to orbit the earth. First ever television signals were relayed by Telstar1 and later Telstar 2. These were the Low-Earth Orbits. Syncom series of communication satellites were the geo synchronous and geo stationary satellites that paved the way to the live telephone calls between different nations. The basic difference between geo synchronous and geo stationary orbits is the existence of only one Geo synchronous orbit. Today there are a large number of satellites dotting this orbit, since it is the most widely used earth orbit. Geostationary satellites appear to be stationary, since these have their time periods synchronized with the earths 24 hours orbital period. Their orbit is circular and it lies in the plane of the earths equator. These had the ability to transmit signals to every part of the earth, Polar Regions alone remaining an exception. Thousands of telephone signals were transmitted across the various nations. That was the time when the live telecast of major events was being transmitted live to different parts of the globe. Middle Earth Orbit satellites, were used along with Geostationary Orbit satellites. The basic difference between Low Earth Orbit satellites and Geo Stationary orbit satellites lies in their antennas. The Defense communication satellite system were launched, a few  years later .Twenty six satellites, in groups of  four, were let into geo stationary orbits. These initial military related satellites have now seen major developments, with all the features of advanced digital technology Maritime and aviation communications also have undergone tremendous changes due to the reliability, flexibility and accuracy of the satellite communication systems. All of these operate in groups in the geosynchronous orbits with signals at in the Extremely-high, Super-high and Ultra-high frequency modes as per the requirement. The Fleet Satellite Communication systems provide global operational capabilities for naval aircraft, ships and submarines in the US (Evans, B.G. 1999.p. 22-26).
UK began its space adventures with the launch of skylark in the year 1957. Todays satellite networking covers a wide range of operations related to secure military communications, satellite based broad casting, astronomy, earth sciences and in many other fields of study.UK has now grown into the worlds one of the most competitive global mobile  satcom operators (UK Space Agency, 2010).

The Indian competence has grown over the past four decades in relation to the space technology programs. It has attained significant heights in every possible fields that satellite communications can reach out, most successful being the indigenously developed INSAT and GSAT systems. These have revolutionized the nation, giving it an entirely new position on the global satellite communication technology map (Thorpe, E. 2008.p. 35).

    The different types of satellite connectivity includes fixed to fixed, fixed to mobile and inter connectible systems. Remote areas did not have access to most of the developments in the field of information technology. Extended Satellite communication network brought even such remote, inaccessible corners of the planet into the rhythm of the developed nations.

          Earth based infrastructures may be susceptible to different types of catastrophes, manmade or otherwise. The features of non-earth based platforms provide features that are unique with respect to public safety. Satellite communication systems, applied to all walks of life seem to have guided the technological innovations through a new era. A brief look into the satellite communication systems shows that it is independent of terrestrial infrastructure, it is the sole, highly reliable network that connects people where other conventional systems fail and has multitudes of load capacity, enough to connect the entire world in the least time. A group of satellites can give an entire coverage of the earths surface.

Where remote regions need connectivity and costs of fiber networking are prohibitive, satellite service is the best option. These can connect with any other type of communication solutions like wifi or VOIP through cross band equipment. Day to day weather prediction and  high quality weather imaging is made possible through this networking. Global broadcasting service can transfer large volumes of data, that includes videos, maps, charts , weather patterns and digital data, all at one go within seconds. The development of picosats that weigh about 2 pounds is a revolution in the field of aerospace technology. Picosats are launched from a micro satellite(Dailywireless, 2010).
Satellite communication systems are inevitable in the present day life. These are similar to radio-relay stations in space. Telecommunication network has its functioning governed by the satellite network Systems. Covering the entire range of the planet geographically has made it an indispensable part of weather mapping and predicting weather related information, there by forecasting hazards of natural disasters in advance for the people and government to act in a timely manner.

    Satellite systems use radio waves as signal for transmission and receiving. Global broad cast services like transfer of large volumes of digital data, one way, to large number of receivers simultaneously, is the technology related to commercial T V broadcasts. Different services are allocated different frequency ranges in accordance with the international regulations. Geostationary orbits of about 36000 km altitude in have the least constraints related to tracking of earth stations. Low earth orbits at about 1000 km altitude are used for mobile and personal communication systems. Middle earth orbits are between LEO and GEO, which are again useful in the mobile communication fields. This vast range of services being utilized vastly has now led to congestion of the space orbits, as using 18 to 24 satellites is required for their operation, for a continuous global coverage. Greater traffic handling capacity and greater overlapping capabilities ensure the mitigation of satellite network failure. Reliability of satellite systems improved the accuracy of aviation and maritime communications. Even though fiber optics, microwave technology, submarine cables compete with satellite communications, flexibility provided by satellite communications meets the essential requirements and demands of military operations. In US for example, the defense satellite communication system is operates at super high frequency ranges and is comprised of geo synchronous satellites, ground terminals varying over a large range and a common control segment. On the whole this functions as Global Command and Control System providing every type of communication, meeting the requirements of defense information systems network, defense message system, and in the helping of other nations too. The Navy and Air force use air borne and ground borne terminals(Fortescue,P.W.et al. 2003.p. 618-622).

    Many satellites have been put into orbit to conduct research and scientific experiments like the SOHO. As a result, space research and astronomical observations are more accurate now than ever.  Weather pattern studies are improvised due to remote sensing abilities of the satellites and the meteorological data collected by these is useful in geographical mapping of locations and pre- warnings of weather related disasters has become more common. This enables the government and civilians to act appropriately. The GPS developed originally for the military usage is now being used to find the location of a place, its exact latitude, longitude and altitude, anywhere on earth. The orientation of future satellite communications is taking mobile telephony and connectivity to any part of the planet(Wilson, J. 1996.p. 35).

Coming to the present scenario, more than 200 nations across the world rely on  these for every aspect of domestic, regional , global broadcast and telecommunication services. It is now an industry that has seen an expansive growth, especially in the mobile communications sector. From the days of research, its a billion dollar industry thriving ubiquitously.

Applications
The applications of satellites are too many. Inter-connectivity of continents is of major significance. Fixed service satellites, Direct broad cast satellites, satellite radio, mobile satellite technologies are all now in the forefront of the day to day life of the common man of almost every nation .are responsible for the television network.    

The basic communication networks find applicability in weather mapping, TV and radio broadcasting, communicating live events across the globe, telecommunication networks, without which the present day world cannot be imagined, mobile and cellular services, data transfer in large volumes, internet services and many other forms of global communication systems. Bringing the most remote locations much closer to the internet routes is an advancement achieved through the satellite networking system. Land and water resources management , weather forecasting, natural disaster forecasts, meteorological studies, Bio information technology ocean sats for study of oceans, connecting transport and conveyance across the globe, guiding the economy through stock exchange updates through streams of  data transfer are the latest developments applied in everyday life of all developed and developing  nations in todays world.

    A group of orbiting satellites can cover the entire earths surface. By placing each satellite at a  specific location around the planet, complete coverage is maintained. This is independent of the terrestrial infrastructure. Temporary usage can also be aimed at in times of need for the coverage of a particular event or activity. These support high level communications at no additional expenditure. Military effectiveness and precision of mapping routes and targets is achieved by satellite to satellite communications apart from the satellite to ground relays. For instance, the DSCS of the US operates at SHF .This has multiple ground terminals, remote control segments and geo synchronous satellites. Aviation technology bloomed in the advent of space projects and thats the most dominating wing in the present day political outlook of the developed nations. It is the MEOs that offer the real time services. Data transfer via internet is routed through the LEOs. Since these LEOs and MEOs are located in orbits much closer to earth, these reduce the space loss and propagation delay. The possibility of reusability of frequency is also higher. Proper maneuvering of these satellites provides continuous coverage of the earth, including the Polar Regions. This gives them an upper hand above the GEOs   Different sets of users being able to pick up or choose their own channels or data streams, through a nano device is the major trend setting development. The future developments may see a communication network based on other planets also which might be used to resourcefully empower our own planet earth (Carter, A.B. 1987.p. 249-251).

Challenges
The future of communication satellites has to deal with the security challenges, imbalance between available resources and needs of the ever increasing population, Growing of number of satellites in the space are a threat to collisions between the satellites. Due to rise in demand from all quarters, band width shortage is becoming a problem. New challenges faced are related to improvisation in the technology of satellites, population of satellites in space, with more and more nations joining the band wagon of space communications, debris management to avoid long term affects on existing , working satellites,  international space management regulations and policies, geographical variations that are spear heading fast due to various factors affecting the global transitions, and national  international security threats requirements. These challenges are common to all nations. Every nations infrastructure depends basically on the communication networks. To build an authentic, cost effective satellite networking, reducing the satellite related infrastructure, thus maintaining simplicity in their management brings a lot of changes in the typical networking bases.

Every public or private sector are interrelated in one way or the other  through this feature These are most vulnerable to attacks from adversaries, in the form of damaging potential military controls and command systems. If computer based infrastructure or networking is attacked, it badly affects an entire  nations functioning, not merely in technology world but also in every other aspect like the governing bodies functionaries failing to meet the safety and requirements of its people and also has the dangers of getting de linked from  other nations.  The use of computer networking operations and space communication protocols, more so in military , aviation and maritime  has rendered even the worlds most advanced nations also insecure. In what way seems obvious. This is the most crippling challenge in front of the scientists and space technologists to develop means to protect the existing advanced space based technologies from the attacks of the terrorists. Urban populations, growing by leaps and bounds are another factor that affects imaging and tracking of critical information.

    Major military operations like testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space have to be stopped.    The increasing costs globally, make the research  development of future technology a burden on the nation. To build and maintain the satellite communications systems required to meet the basic infrastructure needs of a nation turn out to be a burden on the countrys economy.

    Offering proper bandwidth, with the increase in the number of broadcasting and mobile communication systems, dotting the space is a day to day crisis, to be resolved by joint multinational operations. The coming years will see a strengthening of nations in the field of space research  and an advanced communication systems network internationally and mutual co-operation and understanding among the space rich nations. Strictly implemented rules need to be followed for the protection of the space orbits. Nations compete to be in the prime supplier category ,in view of international commercial competence in the space technology

What is the source of orbital debris Most of the orbital debris (50 or more) is derived from the upper stages of rockets, left in space after a space craft is launched in orbit and the small particles of aluminum oxide from the exhaust of these upper stages , paint and particles from thermal insulation , fragmentation , propulsion related problems, deliberate destruction of satellites that undertake space weapons testing are all orbital debris, that need immediate attention of space- research capable nations.

Orbital debris is the immediate space environment growing problem that requires solution in the near future. Orbits of orbital debris are in the full range of the earths orbit, orbiting in different directions at speeds of 4 kms to 7 kms. This may continue to orbit earth for several centuries. This poses a threat to a working satellite. Developing cost effective strategies to reduce orbital debris reduction is a major option. But not having adequate data on the distribution of data hampers steps to its reduction. Lot of uncertainty exists in the nature and extent of damage that may occur due to smaller particles. Nations should also avoid deliberate fragmentation of satellites in space. Making the satellites passive through electric shorts, reducing their altitude and thus bringing them to earths atmosphere levels, so that atmospheric drag brings them down, is one of the options. This is an expensive option but to avoid future failures of space missions should be given higher prominence. The risks involved in removing debris from low earth orbits are to be handled cautiously to avoid harm to human life. This problem needs international treaties to be developed among all the space capable nations to devote to this problem (National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Space Debris. 1995. P. 154)
 Almost all nations, the world over depend largely on computer network operations. The communication network, emergency services, government and public services, economy, health  and so on  all rely to a greater extent on computer network operations. And these wide range communication net works, in turn depend on satellites. The developed nations are particularly vulnerable to attacks on their communication networks. Terrorists are not the only enemies of a state or nation. Cyber-warriors pose a greater threat. During the Gulf war 1991-2003, air power dominated. But Iraq 2003 -2008 Afghanistan war, air power faced target ambiguity challenge due to the random movements of opponents. Such difficulties are overcome only through smarter satellite based communication net workings. Micro and nano satellites are growing in number with more nations eyeing these. Placing these nano satellites into orbit needs special launching vehicles and these can be put into orbit by launching them in groups (Cordesman, A.H. 2003. 195-200)

    The global pace of present developments in computer technology , nano technology  bio technology et al are driven by commercial interests . Even though this makes regulations on space difficult, these have the technology to bring about a radical change and in the revolutionary breakthrough in air and space power capabilities. Unmanned-Aerial Systems and Directed Energy Weapons illustrate this fact. Space communication through satellites is bound to bring radical changes in all types of developments related to defense and military. Future operations are most likely to be of varying endurance and intensity handling the multiple challenges of urban clutter. Air and space power are reliant on computer networking operations. This leads to the requirement of enhanced air based surveillance .Global positioning systems plays a vital role in both civil and military applications. This in turn demands GPS security or guide access to alternate positioning systems. By the year 2030, more international agreements will be needed by the developed nations to reach an agreement on access to key orbital positions of satellites. Regulatory frame work for satellite communications will be required periodically , over the coming years (Chun, C.K.S. 2001.p. 295-300).

The most dominating space debris challenges are It may interfere with scientific, commercial and military space activities. For example, Hubble space telescope has the problem of none functioning or getting damaged due to collision with space debris particles. Possible solutions to this include removal of 2 to 5 per year which brings stability in LEO environment. Community consensus, cost effective technology , ownership and liability and alternate target selection criteria are a few long standing possible solutions in the wake of the serious orbital debris and LEO environment challenges to space-research oriented  nations. Special concern should be given when spaceflights carry humans, because orbital debris may pose a threat to them. There seems to be no effective way of removal of orbital debris. So designing satellites in ways that reduce the debris production, after their life time is finished is one way to manage it. The number of inactive satellites in space outnumbers the working satellites. Protection against impact of particles and protection through the avoidance of collisions using physical protection shielding are important. Human crew in space should be protected through various operational procedures. The astronomical observations, made by astronomers completely get disturbed by the orbiting space debris. Taking in view of seemingly large problem looming ahead the long term remedial measures should be adopted through ground based operation terminals.
Collisions between satellites ,like the most recent one between Iridium satellite and the defunct cosmos 2251 satellite in space increases the dangers of significant rise in space collisions that gives away to further collisions with active satellites. This recent collision happened at an altitude of 770 km, the most crowded region in space and increased the risk of more collisions(National Research Council. 2009. p. 46).

     Both mechanically and electronically controlled radar beams can be used to detect and identify space debris. Mechanically radars are used in tracking and imaging satellites while electronically controlled radar beams are used for tracking and searching satellites. This tracking procedure helps in identifying physical properties like the debris mass, properties, orbital life time.

Technology
In general a satellite should be given a speed of 17000 mph to orbit the earth. Positioning in the orbit and the stability in orbit are the key deciding factors, for effective data relay  transfers. Solar powered batteries, with the solar panels installed for electricity generation meet the electricity needs of the satellites. Communicating from ground station to satellite is the uplink and from satellite to ground is the down link. The transponder of the satellite converts this uplink frequency and is received by another downlink earth station. The receivers and transmitters are inevitable for the functioning of a satellites. It is the radio waves that get transmitted , at various frequency ranges like the extremely high frequency, ultra high frequency and the like. Uplink   downlink frequencies depend on the orbit of the satellite. The equipment used by a satellite is the payload. This  pay loads designing differs from one satellite to another, based on  the utility of that satellite. Digital cameras, radar equipment, electronic devices and antennas will all be a part of a  pay load (Chartrand, Mark R. 2004. p.91).
As per Fortescue(2003), LEO is at about 300 miles altitude and a GEO at 23000 miles altitude approximately. So according to their requirements, due to differences in altitude, antennas are designed  o suit their respective orbits and orientations. Defense satellite communication systems  now include thermal infrared aerial and satellite imagery systems are of utmost clarity, giving real-time images used for the military purpose. These military and spy satellites are often powered by miniature nuclear  power plants for their internal electric current supply, and are loaded with the most powerful sensors.

High Altitude Platforms are a sound alternative to the preventive rising expenses, in this arena. Around 4750 MHz frequency and reusability of frequency seem to be a better alternative, signal tenacity being no compromise. Satellites operational band width is important, and band width availability is the growing space challenge at present. Geostationary orbit is only one but there are innumerable polar orbits. Satellite to ground station, satellite to satellite crosslink systems and hybrid systems are in operation. The days ahead are bound to see advances in multi sensor data fusion, electronic warfare target location systems, anti-jamming channel coding models, self organizing mesh networks and automatic communications with multi-resolution channel systems. Parasitic antennas are being developed for cellular communications. To have an overview of the present frequency bands in usage, the most popular are the C - , Ku-  and Ka-  bands. C  is the most common  bands readily available. But this is prone to more radio frequency interference. The higher bands are more expensive  than C band , and these make use of satellite capacity effectively. But signal disturbances due to bad weather conditions have to be overcome. The satellites with different polarizations can be collocated to enhance their capacity by using dual gridded reflectors. These dual gridded reflectors improvise the cross polarization effects. Methods are developed for frequency reuse and system capacity increase. The military satellites are designed to orbit in the geo synchronous orbits at Operable UHF, SHF and EHF, range of frequencies. High gain parabolic antennas are used for  quick relays (Evans, B.G. 1999. P.586-596).

    The transition from analog to digital television transmissions has improved the quality of the signals. Where analog signals occupy vast range of frequencies on a satellites transponder, digital signal are able to compress the signals and deliver high quality range of channels. Personal Video Recorders provided directly via satellites to individual customers is a land mark achievement in TV broad casting.

    The onset of satellite era changed the outlook of military, aviation and maritime operations. The first fully operative military satellite began operations in the early 1970s. Advancement of technology led to spy satellites being launched in space. It was first done by US and erstwhile USSR, but now several nations took to the race of spy satellites. The most advanced sensors and high resolution cameras being a part of their payload. Tracking of far reaching regions require high resolution systems.

    The latest technologies are looking at high-level operational concepts of command and control in relation to military and aviation sectors. The viability of future implementations has to be looked into from all ends, including cost effectiveness and then optimal implementation of that infrastructure is bound to benefit both national and international security scenario. Application Programming Interface helps users to choose required components suitable for their requirement middleware infrastructure provided by the standardized interfaces. Space surveillance can reach the zenith by coordinating geo synchronous orbit satellite and another satellite in an elliptical orbit with a common ground system (Dimov Licev, Stojce, 2005. p.8).

To conclude the advent of satellite technology has now out grown. In spite of increasing demands of domestic needs of the nations. From the days of a 4600 kg satellite, its now a Pico satellite of 1 kg that comes with all the advancements that technology has necessitated. From the early days of civilian remote sensing data, it has now developed into multi faceted consumer oriented corporate business. Remote sensing satellites selling high resolution data to nations that cannot launch satellites and are in need of assistance for military and civilian requirements are on the rise (Information Gatekeepers, Inc. 1997. p. 14-16)

    According to latest reports, air transport will double in the coming decade. The present communication management systems cannot cope with this unless strategies to improvise the safety and security measures are taken by the government aided policies. Technically, VHF and HF that are being at present used have limitations. The existing technology in military satellites is not sufficient to meet the needs of present day seemingly troubled, insecure world. Much more reliable and stable breakthrough in the field of information technology, with faster communication systems alone could save the planet from the potential attacks of terrorist and natural disasters. Networking is the basis to this because interlinking various command centers and being able to operate these from a single station serve the purpose well. Protected communication network system enables the misuse of data transfer and also unauthorized usage. Advanced narrow band and wide band frequencies provide the protected network in a channelized way (Evans, B.G. 1999. P.586-596).

Future of satellite communication goes on hand-in-hand with the market needs. Bringing solar power, generated in space to earth, to meet the power needs is the future solar powered satellite, which needs to be prioritized. From unmanned to manned satellites is the future agenda of this space age.

The Space communications reached the peak of its significance in the industry not just of media, but also of some other social functions. It has been a great help in delivering of information that benefit the government and a lot of people across the globe. It was primarily created and used to provide wider scope of communication functions then later used to help people in everyday living but throughout the years, this powerful manmade tool was devised to benefit an isolated people in gaining power as it was used in warfare. The role of space communication has tremendous pace of increasing thus, the ability of mankind to moderate its capability to make it biased in favor of majority.

Space communication is a showcase of power devoted to be in the service of the people and any act using this which can harm anyone or invade interests of anybody spoiled the great idea that its pioneering persons envisioned. The extent of its ability remained a valid consideration why we need to have its potential threat and benefits observed. Only thru endeavors in keeping this communication mean as a public tool will keep it on track of valuable improvement. Its pace of improvement is terrible and keeps on surprising us. This pace made it so dynamic that the call for keen moderation seems to be necessary.

Space exploration can be dated back to the age of European Renaissance, a historic age when arts and cultural transformation began. It was the same era when there gradual but widespread transition in educational reforms. Since then the flourishing art and science of stars and planets transformed in to the minute details of comets and meteors. The study, which started as the fundamental physical laws, governing the motions of planets around the sun, gave a great insight of not just our planet earth but also of millions of galaxies, which exist, in the world beyond us.

Though much advancement has been made in this regard, there is so much yet unrevealed. The question of concern is whether it is worth investing in space exploration or is it a simple waste of tax-payers money The objective is to answer this question by providing enough evidence to support the U.S. Federal governments space exploration program. This paper will dwell on the many reasons as to why U.S. Federal government support of space exploration is not the most effective way to engage in scientific discovery. We intend to prove that there are other, more efficient ways to engage in scientific discovery rather than space exploration. Through the analysis of arguments for and against this cause, towards the end, I will give a conclusion not based on my own opinions but on the authenticity and credibility of the arguments.

Arguments For Space Exploration
               As said by Frank Borman Exploration is really the essence of the human spirit. Until human beings explore and find out what is beyond, there is seldom satisfaction on part of them. To reach the maximum potential of being a man, it is therefore necessary to unveil and discover the life, which exist far beyond the world we live in. This saying by Frank Borman fits best when we discuss the U.S. Space Exploration program. Historically, this program has been inspirational for many people across the globe. At the same time, it is been heavily criticized for being the most expensive research project. Although Bush administration and the current government is ardent supporter of the program, previously NASA has failed to produce the best possible outcome because of lack proper funding and appropriate leadership. The new Obama regime has intended to establish a balanced civilian space program and by law has made NASA accountable for all its actions. Government interest in space exploration has a political reason but we should analyze the impact of space exploration on the lives of ordinary people. The arguments in favor of this study are been misrepresented because of understudy on the topic. If we analyze the benefits of space exploration, we come across the following ideas

Medicine and Space Exploration
               Most advancement has been made in the area of medicine. A lot of diseases can be prevented and cured thanks to the space exploration program. Cure of many diseases can be found only if we experiment in zero gravity vacuum and this is only possible outside our planet. A number of diseases which have been cured include Sudden Death Infant Syndrome (SDIS) more commonly known as cot. In U.K. every 4 out of 10,000 children of age less than six months die due to this disease. This disease was cured by designing special type of baby pajamas based on space technology. These special pajamas are called Mamagoose pajamas which have special sensors which are built into the cloth and thus they do not cause any discomfort to the baby. Space technology has provided with various solutions like alloy teeth which are flexi teeth which can retain their shape and strength for a long time. Astrium and RAL scientists have developed technology which helps in the diagnosis of diseases. Satellite imaging helps in preventing strokes. So we can say that a lot of advancements have been made in medicine. These advancements are not just specific to human beings but are also helpful to animals like the Space pumps developed by by Brunel Institute of Bioengineering in the UK has helped in improving the lives of giant female pandas. The pump worked perfectly, and helped in making the lives of pandas better. For the society as a whole space exploration has resulted in advancements regarding Human waste management. This will help us in managing the waste and sewerage and will improve the lives of all the life forms existing on this planet.            

Help In Maintaining Healthy Nature
              A second argument which can be put forth is that space exploration will lead to the improvement of healthy nature of the surrounding environment. This can be done through the identification of highly populated areas in the world, which are utilizing most of the worlds resources, If we continue with space exploration, it is very likely that we will find life outside earth and only then we can relocate people and colonize other areas outside our world. This idea was originated in one of the movies Space Exploration by John Carter McKnight. This idea of finding out life outside earth and building up human-friendly colonies can offer a chance to the world population to grow out and will add to the economic and social well being. Secondly, a lot of expense which we incur on social marketing like population control can be curtailed and invested in further research and development in various fields.

Cost Per Person Is Extremely Low
                Space exploration should not be viewed as a cost rather it should be considered as an investment. People who argue that NASAs budget is very high and it is a waste of tax payers money should not forget the fact that NASAs annual budget is even less than 1 of the federal budget of U.S. If we divide this cost with the population of the country, we can say that cost per day per person on space exploration is almost 15 cents. On the other hand, if we compare this with the benefits, we can safely say that the benefits far outweigh the cost. Advances in space exploration have created numerous industries and has provided millions of jobs. If we want that US continues to be a healthy economy, we should continue to invest in space exploration and research.

Beneficial For The Elimination Of World Hunger
              One of the basic problems, which we come across everyday, is food shortage. We see the pictures of hunger and poverty stricken people largely in third world countries. This is a valid argument which is brought forward when we are supporting space exploration. One of the researchers mentioned in his researches that large areas of land can be far better utilized if we use efficient and more sophisticated plantation programs and weather forecasting techniques. The best tool for these improvements is the artificial earth satellite. Revolving around worlds orbit, this can be used to screen wide areas of land and can measure large variety of factors like humidity, temperature, rain fall etc. It can not only forecast current weather patterns but can also be used to monitor crop and forecast conditions for later farming plans.

Saves the World from external attacks 
             In our galaxy, there is constant breakdown of meteors, asteroids and comets. As a result, our world is in a constant threat from external factors which are beyond our control. There is a general belief that the end of dinosaurs was due to one such impact. Undoubtedly, the world will suffer from one such collision but the question of concern is when The major role of cosmic impact cannot be ignored and it is understood that it is going to be a very lethal impact. Space exploration will help us identify the asteroids which are in our galaxy and will also take measures to deviate them away from earth. If we stop this program, it can be said that one missed object, unseen, can destroy all life forms of earth.

Counter Arguments
            Now that we have analyzed the arguments in favor of space exploration, it is easy for us to provide counter arguments, the facts which will prove that space exploration is not the most effective way to engage in scientific discovery.

Waste of Scarce Resources
One of the most important arguments we come across is that space exploration programs are a waste of the scarce resources we possess. It is often argued that rather than finding new resources, we should conserve what we already possess. The critics claim that if we are searching resources, which are depleting on our planet, in outer space, it is simply expensive and worthless. If we consider this argument against space exploration in detail, the critics argue that the only alternative to space exploration is reduction in birth rates. As they give, the examples of the developed nations like Japan and Europe as they have curtailed their birth rates largely. As claimed by the proponent, if we conserve what we already possess, we will not need any further advancement outside space.
Results in lower return on investment

           In U.S. economies, the major drivers are the governmental agencies and they work for the betterment of the citizens. There are certain programs, which provide tangible benefit to the people directly like building parks and museums or hospitals. Other projects like space exploration do not provide or result in tangible output. This is the reason why it is very difficult measure the return on investment on such project. Critics argue that if the resources spent on space exploration are utilized for the betterment of our own planet, then the world can become an improved place to live. It is also argued that if this money is spent on investments like particle accelerator and nuclear fusion then the return on investment is going to be much higher than the return on investment on space exploration.
Technological Advancements

               Some people claim that space exploration has led to major medical and technological advancements. However, they forget the fact that major technological breakthrough were performed on earth. Finding the cure of a disease which affects only 4 out of every 10,000 children in outer space is not worth all the cost which is incurred. They should consider that technological transformation began on earth with the invention of wheel. Human beings continue to grow and prosper on earth because this was the place which was best suited to their needs. This is the reason why, human beings continued their scientific discoveries on earth. Creation of electricity, discovery of sub-atomic particles, radioactive machinery, information theory were all done on earth. These discoveries helped in finding the cure of diseases like cancer and have helped in diagnosis of various diseases which were left undiagnosed previously. In fact man has made more discoveries on earth rather than in space which shows that earth is a better place for conducting experiments.
Earth is the best place to live

           Some people claim that which the advancements in space research, we can shift human beings to other planets. This is an extremely bogus claim as life has not yet being explored on any other planet outside earth. Even if we continue our space research and discover life, it is very unrealistic to shift people to another planet. If we analyze this argument in religious terms, God has created life on earth for a reason. Had there being life on other planets, God would not have send us on earth in first place.

Unexplored Earth
              People talk about exploring outer space and do not consider the fact that there is so much on earth which is yet to be explored. If we look at the sea, which comprises of 70 of the earth, there is so much left unrevealed. Only 5 of sea has being explored and the remaining 95 is left unexplored. Isnt it important to search out what is in our waters rather than going outside the world in order to search for water The resources which we are spending on space exploration can be better utilized if we spend them on the discovery of the oceans.

                   Undoubtedly space exploration has various benefits just like the satellites which enables us to access information 247 from any where on earth. It also helps in identifying external attacks however, it should be considered that the search for space began form earth when people found and discovered the marks of meteors and asteroids. Though space exploration is helpful in finding the cure of many diseases but it is not the most effective way. There is so much left on earth which is yet unexplored, therefore, scientists should first explore the earth rather than exploring outer space.

    The drive towards success is innate with every individual. It creates the proper motivation and inspiration to seek out the best in what they do. However, what separates success and that of a dream revolves around having the ability to use and apply these objectives. Thus, I do believe that having the proper direction and insight towards what I want can necessitate the proper avenues in creating and fostering the success that I had always wanted in life.

    Reflecting on the experience reading David Benzels Chump to Champ, it highlights an important part of seeking my purpose and significance in my life. I truly would agree to his notion that the process towards success is never an easy path. His examples clearly portray the ability of man to use these journeys and experiences as motivations towards finding direction to what really matters in my life.

    Similarly, his analogies about the different areas surrounding life remain applicable in various areas. For my part, it is the ability to use each one as instruments towards holistic development is a clear indicator that I can strive towards anything I want to be. However, I do believe that having vague directions would not lead me anywhere. I prescribe towards planning and forwarding my goals in a clear and concise manner. Having this type of mindset allows both achievement of short term goals and expanding my capacity to be fruitful in my chosen endeavor and practice.

    In the end, reading this book was indeed worth it for my part. With its simple analogy and corresponding ability to induce proper attitude and ideas surrounding success, it creates greater opportunity to explore the horizons ahead and become ready to face any uncertainties along the way knowing that deep inside me, I have the competence, determination, and vision to become better in whatever I choose to become.

Dear Mr. Barnett
I am running my own business and have constantly been hearing about Personalized Customer Service. I wondered whether this phenomenon is applicable and beneficial in the business in order to improve its effectiveness. I have done research on the phenomenon of Personalized Customer Service and have obtained several findings. The paper would start with an introduction of the topic, followed by the findings and conclusion of the report.

Introduction
    Personalized customer service is basically the approach adopted by the companies who focus more on the customers and implement the strategies that are more customized and customer-centric in order to provide increased customer care (Gaillard, 2007). Or in other words, it is an organizations ability to provide individual customers with their specific needs and wants through improving and maintaining businessconsumer relationships (Bashir, Carter, Bryant, 2004). Companies in this strategy try their best to adopt the customer-drive strategy by making customized products and delivering customized services that the customer needs, in order to make them contented and satisfied. Obviously, the customers these days become reluctant to pay the price of the whole package or service in which there is something that is of no use for them. Therefore, people want to purchase exactly what they desire or what is important to them.

Findings
    As we all know that the price wars have become a common part of todays businesses among organizations it is only because of surviving in the industry and market, maintain or increase sales, and flourishing the business. The businesses adopt this strategy because the competition is growing constantly and the consumer demand has become more narrowed. It is because consumers cant and dont want to pay for everything else that they even dont need. Therefore, customers demand what they actually need. Businesses adopt certain ways for providing this personalized customer service to their customers, and are

First, they emphasize on the customers and make them realize their importance second, understanding and listening to what their customers say and how they actually feel and think about the product third, introducing several alternatives for the products such as different variants and sizes to meet their exact needs fourth, by always being truthful to their customers and respecting them fifth, choosing the most appropriate channel to interact with them and finally, keeping in touch with them and listening to their feedback (Bashir, Carter, Bryant, 2004).

Talking about the importance and advantages of Personalized Customer Service, of course there are huge long-term benefits that the businesses seek to obtain by adapting to this strategy. Some of those advantages include helping the businesses to form a profitable and lucrative customer relationships for the sake of brand loyalty and positive word-of-mouth. Secondly, the sales generally increase and a rarely declined by adapting to this process. Hence, the profits can be seen in a bullish trend by the company with the passage of time. Third, it makes the customers contented because they get what they exactly want. And finally, increased and complex consumer demands force the business to improve continuously.

As far as the hidden costs are concerned, yes they are there. The whole process requires market research about the choices and demands that customers have secondly, it also involves excessive innovation and quality improvement that take up great amount of investment.

Conclusion of Findings
Consequently, it can be concluded from the findings that the Personalized Customer Service can be adopted by knowing about the customers, listening to them, understanding their needs, telling them the truth and maintaining good relations with them. In result, this process benefits the business in terms of increased customer loyalty, increased sales, and customer delight. Hidden costs are there for market research because companies cant just get the market information for free they have to adopt certain methods and techniques to investigate and gather information from the market. Secondly, continuous improvement involves the costs of research and development and innovation. 

Recommendations
Business these days has become very sophisticated along with the choices and demands of the customers. If a business has the capability of improving its products or services continuously so as to meet the changing needs and desires of the customers, then they should definitely adopt this strategy to keep their demanding customers contented. Customization is what they main thing that customers prefer these days because they will pay for what they want and would buy what they actually need.

Conclusion of Report
    After all the discussion over the concept of Personalized Customer Service done in this report, it is obvious that customers are becoming more and more sophisticated in terms of what they want and what they want to buy to fulfill their desires. Businesses cannot flourish without fulfilling the desires of their customers therefore, they must incline their strategy towards personalized customer service and must start providing tailored products and services that suit their customers the most. This would cost their investment though nevertheless, customer loyalty and increased sales would be in their way.

As a new technical editor, your supervisor has requested that you write a letter of introduction to the company that will be used as a formal introduction to the team of engineers with whom you will be working. In your letter of introduction, state four major points that you feel are important to your success as a technical editor. Remember that you will be working with to import the writing and research of the team in preparation for publication. Make up a company name, address, phone number, and any other information necessary to create a complete introduction letter including proper formatting.
Please submit your assignment.


Aspire Network Solutions
R135, Grove Central Avenue, 45208
Pleasanton, California.
Fax  321-547-654
Phone  1-432-876-765

Hello,
I have recently been appointed as a technical writer in the Aspire Network Solutions to help assist the Research and Development efforts of the company by technical writings so that these could be brought into the shape of a research paper and later be patented. Before joining the company I deeply studied the research and development that is being taken place in the company and I am very much appreciative of the work. For the past 7 years I have been involved in writing and editing technical documents and there are several papers of international repute on my credit.
For the mutual benefit I would suggest you to include the following whenever you are documenting your RD results. These recommendations usually bring the best out and turn to become good quality papers.

Graphs
Try to use graphs to enhance your result for example, if you are evaluating the power consumption of a certain type of devices such as processors than try to show it using a graph, mentioning and comparing that how much energy is consumed by each processor. Graphs are always better than Tabulated results.

Simulator
Whatever simulator you use to simulate the results before actually doing the project for example you are designing a circuit and you simulated the problem on OrCAD then try to include some details of it, parameters , limitations , optional features etc because it improves the quality of the paper. (Fletcher, 1996)

Picture
Take picture of the hardware setup or the screen shots of the simulator results to improve the quality of the work this gives a visual effect to the reader because after looking at the setup they might be able to redo the experiment easily.

Units
Please always include the units while documenting your work, you might be familiar with the units but I might not be able to understand those at all.

Details
Always include the minute details like how was the simulator setup , how were the reading taken , why was a particular step in an experimental work was causing problem , how did you improve the algorithm etc. because in the long run this would become useful , in describing and explaining some aspect of the work.

All these above recommendations would help me to organize the project report into a research paper to be published in leading computing journals such as ACM. As a note I would like to mention that these are not my requirements but are usually required by the paper reviewers.
Thank you and I wish a very cordial relationship in future with you, if you have any question feel free to email me.

David Cabrejos
Technical Writer

    The audience of a technical document plays an active role in determining the characteristics of the writing process as they act as receivers of the messages found in the document (vanAlstyne, 2005). The writer should move away from situations where readers are either confused because of the documents complexity or are insulted because of the shallowness of the written document (Myers, 2001). In developing a report that addresses a specific audience, it is important that the writer knows who the audience is, what their characteristics are, and what their needs could be in relation to the document.

    First, the writer must identify the intended audience. For technical reports, the business proposals are usually associated with entrepreneurs. However, assumptions based on common knowledge about technical documents may not suffice especially for situations when business proposals require the involvement of engineers and scientists for a complex project. In some instances, there may also be a combination of more than one group of audience based on their culture. In such situations, the technical writer should identify all possible audiences.

    Second, the writer must conduct an assessment of the audiences characteristics. If these are engineers, then they share a certain set of characteristics that would make writing a technical report of a building structure different when compared to that of a group of entrepreneurs. The characteristics of the audience would let the writer know the depth, quality, and kind of information that are needed for the paper. Likewise, there is also the need to distinguish the characteristics of the audience based on their nationality since not all may have the same educational curriculum, expectations, or technical know-how (Pringle  OKeefe, 2003).

    Lastly, the writer must also evaluate the needs of the audience in relation to the document and make sure that these are addressed. The needs of the audience translate to what they intend to see in the document. These things are what they usually look for or wants to know based on the report given to them. Thus, the writer must learn to identify and incorporate all of these in order to satisfy the audiences purpose for the document.

A conflict is a situation that arises when there is a variation of interests of two parties, and both want situations or results that might make the other party unhappy. A conflict can be broadly categorized into two branches internal or external  that is, one might have a conflict in their heads while choosing between alternatives or could be external which involves other parties and their varying perspectives. A disagreement on interests, values, beliefs and actions is what usually causes a conflict.

A conflict exists, but ideally, the purpose of existence should be the resolution of it  only this will lead to a peaceful world. There are various methods of resolving a conflict. The result is usually in three categories firstly, Win-Win  this is when both the parties get what they want and are extremely happy with their parts secondly, Win-Lose is when one party wins and gets what they wished for and the other party loses and is not happy with the result lastly, there is a Lose-Lose situation as well, where none of the parties get what they wished for and the conflict ends in nobodys interest  this usually happens when the cause or basis of the conflict is not right and could generally result in the harm of somebody else or human mankind (Brem, 1995).

Whenever there is a conflict, there are five phases that the entire procedure goes through. First, Prelude to conflict this is the existence of such variables that might result in a fight later, the factors that result in the conflict. Second, Triggering Event this is the happening of a certain event or the occurrence of a certain situation that might trigger the variables that exist and result in increased tension. Third, Initiation Phase this is when either of the two parties openly makes it clear or gives a message in any form to the other party of the existence of tension and conflict  this is when the conflict is made public. Fourth, Differentiation phase this is when both parties give their own arguments and tell reasons for their opinion. Lastly, there is the Integration stageResolution this is when both the parties make an effort and try to resolve the issue by finding common grounds.

The conflict that I usually face is in my university class. It is a great thing that my university has a very diverse student base  Africans, Americans, Canadians, Asians, Indians, Hispanics, anything you name, we have them, and that is beyond amazing. However, when working in teams on class projects, it becomes a little difficult because everybody has such varying perspectives and making sure that we take into account all of their opinions and not hurt anybodys beliefs or values.

We had to work on a marketing assignment this time around. We had to make the marketing mix of a new product Shampoo. This is a much generalized product and thus, we need to keep a huge target audience in mind. Also, we had to launch it globally.

All of us on the team understood that competition is not only restricted to your local market with increasing globalization, the entire international forum is becoming your playing field.

Although, the world is becoming a global village and international scope for all products should exist but there are still many cultural and regional differences that producers and marketers need to keep in mind before launching the product. There are a few changes that one needs to make to adjust the product according to the needs of the market in a particular region otherwise, it can result in major losses.

Naturally, in doing so, the team resulted in a conflict because everybody had their own brilliant ideas which were well suited in their culture. Some of the ideas being used in one culture were considered offensive in other cultures  this was also a major source of conflict between team members. There were instances where the American in the group wanted to use a thumbs up sign in the advertisement to show sign of approval of the shampoo. However, the Iraqi in the group took this as an offense because in Iraq, a thumbs up sign is a curse and is usually used for abusing others. A Mexican wanted to show a smiling lady in the huge crowd to imply confidence in a person but the Indonesian in the group did not approve because smiling in public in Indonesia means embarrassment. These were some cultural clashes. However, the problem shouldnt have been there if the ideas were rejected normally. But the problem was that the Mexican was not willing to understand why smiling was a problem and was not willing to accept this cultural difference and refused to believe the Indonesian. Something similar happened with the Iraqi  the American said that the Iraqi was lying and only creating problems because he was an American and Iraqis are against Americans.

A conflict is usually resolved using five strategies
1. Accommodation  this is when one party agrees to let go of their ideas and wishes and agrees to do whatever the other party wishes.
2. Avoidance  this is when all the parties involve try to ignore the fact that there is tension and that a problem exists. This can only work temporarily and can buy you time, but not in the long run it only makes things worse.
3. Collaboration  this is when the parties want to resolve the issue and want to involve all parties in doing so. Thus, they all sit together and try to come up with a solution which is mutually beneficial.
4. Compromise  this is when the problem is presented to a third person who analyzes the issue and gives a solution this often means that one party has to give in and agree to whatever has been decided (Timor Australia Friendship Manual).
5. Competition  this is when the resolution is heated, and the view of one party is forced on the other party. This is more inclined towards coercion because it is at the expense of the good of the other party.

All of us, being mature individuals decided to go with the collaborative approach and tried to go back to our basics and understand the situation well. We realized what an important part culture plays in marketing.

When marketing the product, it is important to form an emotional connection with the customers that is the selling trick.That bond can only be formed by keeping all perspectives in mind There are many cultural variables in different societies, regions, countries, religions, races etc. The major five variables are individualism vs collectivism, femininity vs masculinity, long term orientation vs short term orientation, power distance (how much power inequality is tolerated in certain cultures compared to others and lastly uncertainty avoidance (how calm one person from a certain culture can remain in emergency or unknown situations compared to another culture). It is believed that all cultural differences can be weighed in these five categories.

We then chose to propose our own strategies based on our beliefs and made sure that it was put out for criticism and ensured that the criticism was taken positively. There was a formal expectation setting meeting before it began  expectations to remain calm, rational, not take it personally, be open to ideas and take criticism positively. After everybody agreed on that, everybody took turns to present their ideas and in the end there was a question and answer session with feedback. Whatever that was not suitable according to differing cultures was then eliminated and an alternative was suggested by the rest  this means that it was a solution oriented approach. Even the rejections were not given in a failure-implying tone it was given with a very knowledgeable and learning perspective. In the end, all 4 team members had 4 strategies which were free of any cultural conflicts after discussions on it. At the end, whatever strategy suited the product and the needs of the audience the best was selected for the final project. Work was equally divided and responsibility was assumed by each for their respective parts.

It was a difficult procedure, but completely worth it because in the end we had a strategy that was extremely well-blended and suited the reality of our global customers and could be implemented successfully in any part of the world.

As my first step, I would seek to analyse the qualities that I would expect of the professional to head this group. Recommending a new computer system would require teamwork and negotiation. I would therefore be highlight communication skills as key element to look for in the potential leader. The leader would be expected to exhibit assertiveness, open-mindedness, good communication skills and good control of emotions (Larson, n.d Marks, n.d). Proper qualification and experience in the field would also rank high on my list of items to look for. To increase our chances of getting the best information system in the face of fast-evolving technology, I would be in favour candidates whose papers show that they have been updating their knowledge in the field.

Having captured the qualities and qualifications expected of the potential candidates, I would design several tasks which would be engineered to lead to a diversity of ideas and which would require participants to debate among themselves and agree on the most appropriate solutions. The tasks would be totally unrelated to the task they are recruited for, and would require the candidates to explore a wide diversity of ideas. The qualified candidates would be given the tasks with directions to work together and advance negotiated solutions.  Unknowing to the candidates, some executives would watch the team and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the team-members.

The executives watching the candidates would report their assessment of the candidates, identifying the candidates who best matched the qualities expected of a leader. Candidates who exhibited ability to communicate with team-mates, open-mindedness, good control of temper, and assertiveness would qualify for the oral interview which would again test the candidates communication skills and confidence.

I am  a student with average performance. I always tried to improve my academic performance by planning a rigorous self study routine. Alas,my plans were never instrumental due to various obstructions and distarctions. I observed the need to change by way of  attending specialised coaching classes.Drastic changes were brought about in my personality as a result of the coaching classes.The first class I attended made me realise how important it is to be coached to achieve success in my field of study.Coaching guided me in every aspect and that led to a satisfying and enhanced performance thereafter in my academics. The first thing I learnt there was realizing my own potential. Then aim at time bound achievement in each subject area.The next step is to channelize my time and energytowards that goal.And then exposure to different rigorous sessions of  practice teststhat gave lots of confidence and helped me gain strength in every topic. The best thing about taking coaching is this systematic and methodical approach, covering each topic in detail, working out on all aspects of it both practical and theoretical. What helped me a lot is the professionalism of my guide during the coaching sessions. My strengths were identified and then I was taught accordingly. I was guided to think positively, leaving behind my negative traits. Grasping the right point  according to requirement and presenting the answers without unnecessary deviations in explanations was mastered.Apart from  this, the coaching helped me in reviewing  the course work and communicate that verbally to other students in need of  improvement. As an individual it has made me more efficient and skillful. My overall performance amzingly got a boost and placed me on top in the finals.

1. My idea about leadership before is limited to learning that you cannot be a good leader without possessing the right wisdom and without knowing the necessary managerial skills. I learned from school and from the people around me that the best way to lead people is by example. You cannot preach what you do not know, in the same manner that you cannot ask your subordinates to be someone you are not. In this course, I have learned that all those I mentioned are not enough, in fact, they may not be really necessary. Henry Mintzberg, one of the worlds most influential mentors of business strategy (as cited in Reingold, 2000), said that one cannot create a leader in the classroom. This statement practically shook all faith in leadership as something learned. I am aware that there are born leaders, those who do not need any formal education to be able to lead well, but I also know and have come to believe that leadership skills can be learned. Even if you werent born with superb leadership capabilities, you can still be a great leader so long as you dedicate yourself to learning the right skills. But Mintzberg says otherwise. He suggests that successful leaders are those who interact, those who learn from experience. Then maybe its true that experience is the best teacher. And experience cant be encountered in just the four walls of the classroom. Mintzberg further shared that when he asked managerial groups what happened on the day they become managers, the dominant answer was Nothing Youre supposed to figure it out. Theres not really a secret. Management is, above all, practice, where art, science, and craft meet.

2. The idea of changing ones self before changing others is nothing new and its practically acceptable. You cannot give what you do not have. Having learned a new approach to leadership, I am very much excited to apply it on my work. There is a paradigm shift from knowledge to experience and I am positive about it. I believe its high time to transform the way we look at the corporate world. Its not all about academics. It is simply life. You grow and you become better as you experience things and interact with people.

3. This new approach gives encouragement to those who were not able to obtain a good degree from a reputable institution. It doesnt say that education isnt important it just says that even without a good education, one can still be an effective leader so long as he desires and works for it. Reingold said that cross-cultural interaction is as well important to be a good leader. You have to know how other cultures think and believe. I believe it is a great opportunity for people to mingle and get to know others as well. After all, were all humans, and it is beneficial for us to know about others. Theres nothing wrong with expanding ones horizons.

II.
Last weeks learning has made me realize a couple of things. One of which is the importance of taking a break for reflection. Cunliffe (2004) said that critical reflection is essential to developing not just more effective organizational citizens but critical thinkers and moral practitioners. It is in this statement that I would like to ponder more. Effective organizational citizens are critical thinkers and moral practitioners. Critical and moral (knowledge and values) these two I believe create balance and harmony. Its not enough that one is critical (highly-knowledgeable), it is important that he is morally upright. In todays busy and chaotic world, the challenge is to be both critical and moral. I take on the challenge. Fully aware that it is difficult especially in an environment and time like ours, I am full of positive vibes that it is possible to achieve, because it was already achieved by several people who dared.

I am looking forward to more learning as the course progresses. I know things will be clearer as we learn from the experiences of others and from our interactions as well.

Leadership is one of the essentials of any business organization. All the organizations work with several categories of resources, such as financial, human, capital resources etc. It is the responsibility of the manager or leader of the departments to ensure all organizational functions are carried out in coherence and unison with each other.

The word combination globally distanced multicultural marketing team refers to a group of marketers who are located in different places all over the world and belong to different cultures and identities. It would be a challenging task for me to bring them together at one platform, make them work and monitor their activities. Thus, I will have to manage them using different strategies than those of traditional leadership theories.

Bringing the Team together
A group of people which are located in different places globally can be supervised using a virtual platform. The first challenging step for me would be to choose a suitable communication channel to get my message across the marketing team that I am leading. There are many challenges, strengths as well as limitations as far as the choice of this channel is concerned, namely, choosing internet, telephone, video-conferencing etc. Internet would certainly mean communicating with the team through e-mails and such resources as msn. Videoconferencing can also be useful in case the team sitting on the other end consists of many people. Nowadays, people can also be contacted easily through social networking websites such as facebook and twitter and can be informed of the plans and schedules of upcoming meetings.

Conducting the Meeting
As the leader, my next step would be to conduct the meeting and inform my marketing team concerning our objectives, rules and methods of undertaking tasks. Once they are informed of the schedule of meeting through e-mails or any social networking site, I can hold the first meeting through videoconferencing. I would prepare an agenda of meeting and fax or e-mail it to my team. The agenda would include objectives, purpose of the meeting, points to be discussed and goals to be achieved. Then, we can talk, discuss and see each others expressions, body language and gestures of agreement or disagreement. The added benefits of videoconferencing will also let me decide and choose the participants who would be more productive to be included into my marketing team.
Strategies for the success of Multicultural Team

It is very much challenging to bring together and lead the people who are located in different places all over the world. I would have to apply such strategies which keep the team in harmony and working. My first strategy would be to develop collective trust which is vital to the functioning of a virtual team involving people from different backgrounds (Gibson and Manuel, 2003).  According to the research, trust in virtual teams can eliminate any possible conflicts and increase harmony, influential exchange of information and confidence in relationships. To keep the enthusiasm of the team alive, it is necessary to adopt the strategy of brainstorming. Since globally distanced team includes people of all cultures and classes, it would be beneficial to brainstorm as everyone would come up with different, newer and innovative ideas depending on their knowledge and aptitude. It would be very important for me to build awareness and develop knowledge of different cultures that I would be dealing with. On my part, I will have to identify, clarify and fulfill the needs and expectations of the stakeholders to avoid any sort of confusions and conflicts in the end.

I would encourage a participative style where the decision-making process would be assisted by the team members and decisions would be made and applied by the consensus of the whole team. Any problems or misunderstandings would be solved through vertical, horizontal and lateral communication. Moreover, I would take up the adaptation strategy to prevent team to become prone to misunderstandings. If the tension evolves, the structural intervention strategy would also solve the problems.

The group will ultimately excel in its performance and achievement of goals efficiently. The team members will have no complains against their leader or amongst each other. The environment of harmony and agreement would help building trust and confidence. There will be a cyclical pattern of the participation and collaborative behavior of the team members as shown below

The dynamism created in the team will also reduce the costs, time and improve flexibility and utilization of resources.

Problems
The problems that I should be anticipating in case of the globally distanced marketing team would be listed and explained further. The team may not be able to begin the execution of its operations rather it could be stuck in brainstorming or even move towards socializing with each other instead of working for corporate objectives. A few team members could appear to be performing all the tasks thus decreasing the expected productivity of the team. This could result in wasting time, resources and money. The team members could miss deadlines and deliver their tasks later. Moreover, there could be conflicts, problems in communication and punctuality. Since, this work would be done virtually and has no physical existence, the team members could just be invisible and out of contact. Then, the major problem that I would certainly expect will be the troubles with language, accents and fluency. There could be frustration or misunderstandings as the non-natives may not understand the accents or any other language (Harvard Business Review 2006). There can also be different behaviors in case the team follows a top-down hierarchy. For example, the Japanese people who are used to working in flat-structured organizations will find it difficult to follow hierarchy.

Monitoring and Synergizing the Team
I will have to control and monitor all the teams activities regularly and strictly. It would be rather difficult to perform all the leadership functions of planning, controlling, commanding and leading online. I will make a schedule of the periodical meetings and mail it to all the team members. In an effort to motivate them, I will keep rewards and incentives so that the people should keep learning and working in peace and with dedication. I would be strict with the submission of ideas and tasks within the deadlines. Moreover, I would encourage training those members who need polishing up on their marketing or related knowledge.

The wise division of tasks can result in easy monitoring and good synergizing of the team. The spirit of respect for each others cultures would also energize the groups abilities. Moreover, a good example of the synergy would be created when the people in the team will work with congruence and combined effort while productively using the skills and expertise of each other.